The electrocardiogram (ECG)
The complex nature of interactions between the pulmonary and cardiovascular systems is becoming increasingly appreciated .Many patients with lung diseases especially chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung fibrosis amongst others have risk factors for cardiac diseases in view of shared risk factors for example smoking or associated comorbidities like diabetes mellitus and systemic hypertension
Electrocardiogram is being used as part of baseline examination in patients suspected to have heart diseases, after initial therapy and during follow up. Ischemic heart diseases, atrial fibrillation and heart failure are increasingly being recognised in patients with lung diseases.
Cardiac involvement is relevant because it is associated with impaired health status and increased mortality. Cor pulmonale and pulmonary hypertension are cardiac consequences of lung diseases.